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Pope Benedict XV and Russia
The relationship between Pope Benedict XV and Russia occurred in a very special context, that of the 1917 Russian Revolution. The seizure of power by the Bolshevik revolutionaries unleashed an unprecedented wave of persecutions against the Roman Catholic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church, who were forced to cooperate during a time of distress.
==Situation at the end of World War I==
The end of World War I brought about the revolutionary development, which Benedict XV had foreseen in his first encyclical. With the Russian Revolution, the Vatican was faced with a new, so far unknown, situation. An ideology and government which rejected not only the Catholic Church but religion as a whole. “The Pope, the Tsar, Metternich, French radicals and German police, are united against communism" said Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 〔Communist Manifesto , 1848〕 The Historical Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences wrote that the “reactionary policies of the Vatican” were an outgrowth of fear of socialism and hate of communism.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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